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Artlabeling Activity the Serous Membranes of the Anterior Body Cavities

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An Introduction to the Human Trunk

Anatomical Terminology

OpenStaxCollege

Learning Objectives

Past the stop of this section, you will be able to:

  • Demonstrate the anatomical position
  • Draw the man body using directional and regional terms
  • Identify three planes most commonly used in the written report of anatomy
  • Distinguish between the posterior (dorsal) and the anterior (ventral) body cavities, identifying their subdivisions and representative organs plant in each
  • Describe serous membrane and explain its part

Anatomists and wellness care providers use terminology that can be bewildering to the uninitiated. However, the purpose of this language is non to confuse, only rather to increment precision and reduce medical errors. For case, is a scar "above the wrist" located on the forearm two or three inches away from the paw? Or is information technology at the base of the hand? Is it on the palm-side or back-side? By using precise anatomical terminology, we eliminate ambiguity. Anatomical terms derive from ancient Greek and Latin words. Because these languages are no longer used in everyday chat, the meaning of their words does not change.

Anatomical terms are fabricated up of roots, prefixes, and suffixes. The root of a term ofttimes refers to an organ, tissue, or condition, whereas the prefix or suffix ofttimes describes the root. For example, in the disorder hypertension, the prefix "hyper-" ways "loftier" or "over," and the root discussion "tension" refers to force per unit area, and then the word "hypertension" refers to abnormally high blood pressure.

Anatomical Position

To further increase precision, anatomists standardize the way in which they view the body. Merely every bit maps are ordinarily oriented with north at the top, the standard body "map," or anatomical position, is that of the torso standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face frontwards as illustrated in [link]. Using this standard position reduces confusion. It does not thing how the body being described is oriented, the terms are used as if it is in anatomical position. For instance, a scar in the "inductive (front) carpal (wrist) region" would be present on the palm side of the wrist. The term "anterior" would be used even if the hand were palm down on a table.

Regions of the Human Body

The homo torso is shown in anatomical position in an (a) anterior view and a (b) posterior view. The regions of the body are labeled in boldface.


This illustration shows an anterior and posterior view of the human body. The cranial region encompasses the upper part of the head while the facial region encompasses the lower half of the head beginning below the ears. The eyes are referred to as the ocular region. The cheeks are referred to as the buccal region. The ears are referred to as the auricle or otic region. The nose is referred to as the nasal region. The chin is referred to as the mental region. The neck is referred to as the cervical region. The trunk of the body contains, from superior to inferior, the thoracic region encompassing the chest, the mammary region encompassing each breast, the abdominal region encompassing the stomach area, the coxal region encompassing the belt line, and the pubic region encompassing the area above the genitals. The umbilicus, or naval, is located at the center of the abdomen. The pelvis and legs contain, from superior to inferior, the inguinal or groin region between the legs and the genitals, the pubic region surrounding the genitals, the femoral region encompassing the thighs, the patellar region encompassing the knee, the crural region encompassing the lower leg, the tarsal region encompassing the ankle, the pedal region encompassing the foot and the digital/phalangeal region encompassing the toes. The great toe is referred to as the hallux. The regions of the upper limbs, from superior to inferior, are the axillary region encompassing the armpit, the brachial region encompassing the upper arm, the antecubital region encompassing the front of the elbow, the antebrachial region encompassing the forearm, the carpal region encompassing the wrist, the palmar region encompassing the palm, and the digital/phalangeal region encompassing the fingers. The thumb is referred to as the pollux. The posterior view contains, from superior to inferior, the cervical region encompassing the neck, the dorsal region encompassing the upper back and the lumbar region encompassing the lower back. The regions of the back of the arms, from superior to inferior, include the cervical region encompassing the neck, acromial region encompassing the shoulder, the brachial region encompassing the upper arm, the olecranal region encompassing the back of the elbow, the antebrachial region encompasses the back of the arm, and the manual region encompassing the palm of the hand. The posterior regions of the legs, from superior to inferior, include the gluteal region encompassing the buttocks, the femoral region encompassing the thigh, the popliteus region encompassing the back of the knee, the sural region encompassing the back of the lower leg, and the plantar region encompassing the sole of the foot. Some regions are combined into larger regions. These include the trunk, which is a combination of the thoracic, mammary, abdominal, naval, and coxal regions. The cephalic region is a combination of all of the head regions. The upper limb region is a combination of all of the arm regions. The lower limb region is a combination of all of the leg regions.

A torso that is lying down is described as either decumbent or supine. Decumbent describes a face-down orientation, and supine describes a confront up orientation. These terms are sometimes used in describing the position of the body during specific concrete examinations or surgical procedures.

Regional Terms

The homo body'south numerous regions accept specific terms to help increment precision (see [link]). Discover that the term "brachium" or "arm" is reserved for the "upper arm" and "antebrachium" or "forearm" is used rather than "lower arm." Similarly, "femur" or "thigh" is correct, and "leg" or "crus" is reserved for the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle. Y'all will be able to draw the body's regions using the terms from the effigy.

Directional Terms

Certain directional anatomical terms appear throughout this and any other anatomy textbook ([link]). These terms are essential for describing the relative locations of dissimilar body structures. For instance, an anatomist might describe one ring of tissue equally "junior to" another or a medico might describe a tumor as "superficial to" a deeper body construction. Commit these terms to memory to avoid confusion when you lot are studying or describing the locations of particular trunk parts.

  • Anterior (or ventral) Describes the front end or direction toward the forepart of the body. The toes are anterior to the human foot.
  • Posterior (or dorsal) Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body. The popliteus is posterior to the patella.
  • Superior (or cranial) describes a position above or higher than another role of the body proper. The orbits are superior to the oris.
  • Inferior (or caudal) describes a position below or lower than some other function of the trunk proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or everyman role of the spinal column). The pelvis is inferior to the belly.
  • Lateral describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. The thumb (pollex) is lateral to the digits.
  • Medial describes the middle or management toward the middle of the body. The hallux is the medial toe.
  • Proximal describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the torso. The brachium is proximal to the antebrachium.
  • Distal describes a position in a limb that is further from the bespeak of attachment or the torso of the body. The crus is distal to the femur.
  • Superficial describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones.
  • Deep describes a position further from the surface of the trunk. The brain is deep to the skull.

Directional Terms Applied to the Man Body

Paired directional terms are shown as applied to the human trunk.


This illustration shows two diagrams: one of a side view of a female and the other of an anterior view of a female. Each diagram shows directional terms using double-sided arrows. The cranial-distal arrow runs vertically behind the torso and lower abdomen. The cranial arrow is pointing toward the head while the caudal arrow is pointing toward the tail bone. The posterior/anterior arrow is running horizontally through the back and chest. The posterior or dorsal arrow is pointing toward the back while the anterior, or ventral arrow, is pointing toward the abdomen. On the anterior view, the proximal/distal arrow is on the right arm. The proximal arrow is pointing up toward the shoulder while the distal arrow is pointing down toward the hand. The lateral-medial arrow is a horizontal arrow on the abdomen. The medial arrow is pointing toward the navel while the lateral arrow is pointing away from the body to the right. Right refers to the right side of the woman's body from her perspective while left refers to the left side of the woman's body from her perspective.

Torso Planes

A section is a 2-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut. Modern medical imaging devices enable clinicians to obtain "virtual sections" of living bodies. We call these scans. Torso sections and scans can be correctly interpreted, however, only if the viewer understands the aeroplane along which the section was made. A plane is an imaginary ii-dimensional surface that passes through the body. There are three planes unremarkably referred to in anatomy and medicine, as illustrated in [link].

  • The sagittal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the eye of the body, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. If it divides the torso into unequal right and left sides, information technology is called a parasagittal plane or less commonly a longitudinal department.
  • The frontal airplane is the aeroplane that divides the body or an organ into an inductive (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion. The frontal plane is often referred to as a coronal plane. ("Corona" is Latin for "crown.")
  • The transverse plane is the plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cantankerous sections.

Planes of the Body

The three planes most ordinarily used in anatomical and medical imaging are the sagittal, frontal (or coronal), and transverse airplane.


This illustration shows a female viewed from her right, front side. The anatomical planes are depicted as blue rectangles passing through the woman's body. The frontal or coronal plane enters through the right side of the body, passes through the body, and exits from the left side. It divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves. The sagittal plane enters through the back and emerges through the front of the body. It divides the body into right and left halves. The transverse plane passes through the body perpendicular to the frontal and sagittal planes. This plane is a cross section which divides the body into upper and lower halves.

Body Cavities and Serous Membranes

The body maintains its internal organization by ways of membranes, sheaths, and other structures that separate compartments. The dorsal (posterior) cavity and the ventral (anterior) cavity are the largest body compartments ([link]). These cavities contain and protect delicate internal organs, and the ventral cavity allows for significant changes in the size and shape of the organs as they perform their functions. The lungs, heart, stomach, and intestines, for instance, can expand and contract without distorting other tissues or disrupting the activity of nearby organs.

Dorsal and Ventral Body Cavities

The ventral cavity includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and their subdivisions. The dorsal cavity includes the cranial and spinal cavities.


This illustration shows a lateral and anterior view of the body and highlights the body cavities with different colors. The cranial cavity is a large, bean-shaped cavity filling most of the upper skull where the brain is located. The vertebral cavity is a very narrow, thread-like cavity running from the cranial cavity down the entire length of the spinal cord. Together the cranial cavity and vertebral cavity can be referred to as the dorsal body cavity. The thoracic cavity consists of three cavities that fill the interior area of the chest. The two pleural cavities are situated on both sides of the body, anterior to the spine and lateral to the breastbone. The superior mediastinum is a wedge-shaped cavity located between the superior regions of the two thoracic cavities. The pericardial cavity within the mediastinum is located at the center of the chest below the superior mediastinum. The pericardial cavity roughly outlines the shape of the heart. The diaphragm divides the thoracic and the abdominal cavities. The abdominal cavity occupies the entire lower half of the trunk, anterior to the spine. Just under the abdominal cavity, anterior to the buttocks, is the pelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity is funnel shaped and is located inferior and anterior to the abdominal cavity. Together the abdominal and pelvic cavity can be referred to as the abdominopelvic cavity while the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities together can be referred to as the ventral body cavity.

Subdivisions of the Posterior (Dorsal) and Anterior (Ventral) Cavities

The posterior (dorsal) and anterior (ventral) cavities are each subdivided into smaller cavities. In the posterior (dorsal) crenel, the cranial cavity houses the encephalon, and the spinal cavity (or vertebral crenel) encloses the spinal cord. Just as the encephalon and spinal cord make up a continuous, uninterrupted structure, the cranial and spinal cavities that business firm them are also continuous. The encephalon and spinal cord are protected by the basic of the skull and vertebral column and by cerebrospinal fluid, a colorless fluid produced past the brain, which cushions the brain and spinal cord within the posterior (dorsal) crenel.

The inductive (ventral) cavity has 2 main subdivisions: the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity (encounter [link]). The thoracic cavity is the more than superior subdivision of the anterior cavity, and information technology is enclosed by the rib cage. The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and the center, which is located in the mediastinum. The diaphragm forms the flooring of the thoracic crenel and separates it from the more inferior abdominopelvic cavity. The abdominopelvic cavity is the largest cavity in the body. Although no membrane physically divides the abdominopelvic cavity, it can be useful to distinguish betwixt the abdominal cavity, the sectionalization that houses the digestive organs, and the pelvic crenel, the segmentation that houses the organs of reproduction.

Intestinal Regions and Quadrants

To promote clear communication, for instance almost the location of a patient's intestinal pain or a suspicious mass, health care providers typically divide up the crenel into either 9 regions or 4 quadrants ([link]).

Regions and Quadrants of the Peritoneal Cavity

There are (a) nine abdominal regions and (b) iv abdominal quadrants in the peritoneal crenel.


This illustration has two parts. Part A shows the abdominopelvic regions. These regions divide the abdomen into nine squares. The upper right square is the right hypochondriac region and contains the base of the right ribs. The upper left square is the left hypochondriac region and contains the base of the left ribs. The epigastric region is the upper central square and contains the bottom edge of the liver as well as the upper areas of the stomach. The diaphragm curves like an upside down U over these three regions. The central right region is called the right lumbar region and contains the ascending colon and the right edge of the small intestines. The central square contains the transverse colon and the upper regions of the small intestines. The left lumbar region contains the left edge of the transverse colon and the left edge of the small intestine. The lower right square is the right iliac region and contains the right pelvic bones and the ascending colon. The lower left square is the left iliac region and contains the left pelvic bone and the lower left regions of the small intestine. The lower central square contains the bottom of the pubic bones, upper regions of the bladder and the lower region of the small intestine. Part B shows four abdominopelvic quadrants. The right upper quadrant (RUQ) includes the lower right ribs, right side of the liver, and right side of the transverse colon. The left upper quadrant (LUQ) includes the lower left ribs, stomach, and upper left area of the transverse colon. The right lower quadrant (RLQ) includes the right half of the small intestines, ascending colon, right pelvic bone and upper right area of the bladder. The left lower quadrant (LLQ) contains the left half of the small intestine and left pelvic bone.

The more detailed regional approach subdivides the cavity with one horizontal line immediately inferior to the ribs and one immediately superior to the pelvis, and ii vertical lines drawn as if dropped from the midpoint of each clavicle (collarbone). At that place are ix resulting regions. The simpler quadrants approach, which is more commonly used in medicine, subdivides the cavity with one horizontal and one vertical line that intersect at the patient's omphalus (omphalos).

Membranes of the Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity

A serous membrane (likewise referred to a serosa) is one of the thin membranes that cover the walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. The parietal layers of the membranes line the walls of the body cavity (pariet- refers to a cavity wall). The visceral layer of the membrane covers the organs (the viscera). Between the parietal and visceral layers is a very sparse, fluid-filled serous space, or cavity ([link]).

Serous Membrane

Serous membrane lines the pericardial crenel and reflects back to embrace the center—much the same way that an underinflated airship would form ii layers surrounding a fist.


This diagram shows the pericardium on the left next to an analogy of a hand punching a balloon on the right. The pericardium is a two-layered sac that surrounds the entire heart except where the blood vessels emerge on the heart's superior side. The pericardium has two layers because it folds over itself in the shape of the letter U. The inner layer that borders the heart is the visceral pericardium while the outer layer is the parietal pericardium. The space between the two layers is called the pericardial cavity. The heart sits in the cavity much like a fist punching into a balloon. The balloon surrounds the lower part of the fist with a two-layered sac, with the top of the balloon, where it contacts the fist, being analogous to the visceral pericardium. The bottom of the balloon, where it is tied off, is analogous to the parietal pericardium. The air within the balloon is analogous to the pericardial cavity.

In that location are iii serous cavities and their associated membranes. The pleura is the serous membrane that surrounds the lungs in the pleural crenel; the pericardium is the serous membrane that surrounds the centre in the pericardial cavity; and the peritoneum is the serous membrane that surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.The serous membranes course fluid-filled sacs, or cavities, that are meant to cushion and reduce friction on internal organs when they motion, such as when the lungs inflate or the heart beats. Both the parietal and visceral serosa secrete the thin, slippery serous fluid located within the serous cavities. The pleural crenel reduces friction between the lungs and the trunk wall. Likewise, the pericardial cavity reduces friction betwixt the heart and the wall of the pericardium. The peritoneal cavity reduces friction between the abdominal and pelvic organs and the body wall. Therefore, serous membranes provide additional protection to the viscera they enclose by reducing friction that could lead to inflammation of the organs.

Affiliate Review

Ancient Greek and Latin words are used to build anatomical terms. A standard reference position for mapping the body's structures is the normal anatomical position. Regions of the torso are identified using terms such every bit "occipital" that are more precise than common words and phrases such as "the back of the caput." Directional terms such equally anterior and posterior are essential for accurately describing the relative locations of body structures. Images of the body'due south interior usually align along i of three planes: the sagittal, frontal, or transverse. The body'south organs are organized in one of 2 main cavities—dorsal (too referred to posterior) and ventral (likewise referred to inductive)—which are farther sub-divided according to the structures nowadays in each expanse. The serous membranes have two layers—parietal and visceral—surrounding a fluid filled space. Serous membranes cover the lungs (pleural serosa), heart (pericardial serosa), and some abdominopelvic organs (peritoneal serosa).

Review Affiliate

What is the position of the body when it is in the "normal anatomical position?"

  1. The person is prone with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides.
  2. The person is standing facing the observer, with upper limbs extended out at a ninety-degree angle from the body and lower limbs in a wide stance with feet pointing laterally
  3. The person is supine with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides.
  4. None of the above

D

To make a banana split, you halve a banana into ii long, sparse, correct and left sides along the ________.

  1. coronal plane
  2. longitudinal aeroplane
  3. midsagittal airplane
  4. transverse plane

C

The lumbar region is ________.

  1. inferior to the gluteal region
  2. inferior to the umbilical region
  3. superior to the cervical region
  4. superior to the popliteal region

D

The centre is within the ________.

  1. cranial crenel
  2. mediastinum
  3. posterior (dorsal) cavity
  4. All of the higher up

B

Critical Thinking Question

In which direction would an MRI scanner movement to produce sequential images of the body in the frontal plane, and in which direction would an MRI scanner move to produce sequential images of the body in the sagittal plane?

If the body were supine or prone, the MRI scanner would move from top to lesser to produce frontal sections, which would carve up the body into anterior and posterior portions, as in "cut" a deck of cards. Again, if the trunk were supine or decumbent, to produce sagittal sections, the scanner would move from left to right or from correct to left to divide the body lengthwise into left and right portions.

If a bullet were to penetrate a lung, which three anterior thoracic trunk cavities would information technology enter, and which layer of the serous membrane would information technology encounter get-go?

The bullet would enter the ventral, thoracic, and pleural cavities, and it would encounter the parietal layer of serous membrane first.

Glossary

abdominopelvic crenel
sectionalization of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the intestinal and pelvic viscera
anatomical position
standard reference position used for describing locations and directions on the human body
anterior
describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to every bit ventral
anterior cavity
larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body crenel; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the center, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as ventral cavity
caudal
describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; nearly or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest function of the spinal cavalcade); as well referred to as inferior
cranial
describes a position above or college than some other part of the trunk proper; too referred to as superior
cranial cavity
division of the posterior (dorsal) cavity that houses the encephalon
deep
describes a position farther from the surface of the torso
distal
describes a position farther from the signal of attachment or the trunk of the body
dorsal
describes the dorsum or direction toward the back of the body; as well referred to as posterior
dorsal cavity
posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to the posterior torso cavity
frontal aeroplane
ii-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions
inferior
describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; most or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest office of the spinal column); also referred to as caudal
lateral
describes the side or management toward the side of the body
medial
describes the middle or direction toward the centre of the body
pericardium
sac that encloses the heart
peritoneum
serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic crenel and covers the organs found there
plane
imaginary ii-dimensional surface that passes through the trunk
pleura
serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity and covers the lungs
posterior
describes the dorsum or direction toward the back of the body; besides referred to as dorsal
posterior cavity
posterior trunk crenel that houses the encephalon and spinal string; also referred to as dorsal cavity
prone
face down
proximal
describes a position nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the torso
sagittal plane
two-dimensional, vertical airplane that divides the body or organ into correct and left sides
section
in beefcake, a single flat surface of a three-dimensional construction that has been cut through
serous membrane
membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; besides referred to as serosa
serosa
membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; as well referred to as serous membrane
spinal crenel
division of the dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord; also referred to every bit vertebral cavity
superficial
describes a position nearer to the surface of the trunk
superior
describes a position higher up or college than another part of the torso proper; also referred to as cranial
supine
face upwardly
thoracic cavity
division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the centre, lungs, esophagus, and trachea
transverse plane
two-dimensional, horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions
ventral
describes the front end or direction toward the front of the trunk; also referred to equally inductive
ventral cavity
larger body crenel located inductive to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the center, and peritoneal crenel for the intestinal and pelvic organs; besides referred to as anterior body cavity

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Source: http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/anatomical-terminology/

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